The Impact on Soil and Plant Life

"We're just beginning to understand how microplastics might negatively influence soil health and plant growth," Geyer notes. A study from 2017 published in Science Advances revealed that of the 8,300 million tons of plastic generated by humanity, only 9% has been reused or recycled. Meanwhile, 12% has been incinerated, leaving a staggering 79% still in existence in various forms.

Even in some of the most isolated and untouched forests, such as the Pyrenees in France, researchers have detected microplastic particles in the air, and they estimate that soil contamination may exceed that of our oceans. "We have very limited knowledge about the implications of having these plastic particles permanently embedded in natural ecosystems," Geyer emphasizes.

Microplastics in Human Bodies

Our lack of understanding extends to the effects of microplastics on human health. A 2019 study involving European researchers analyzed stool samples from eight healthy adults and found microplastics in all samples, predominantly from plastic water bottles and caps. Another recent study detected microplastic particles in the placentas of four pregnant women.

This suggests that, like our oceans, air, and soils, our bodies are unwittingly accumulating plastic waste. Early research on the implications for our health—particularly concerning our brains, digestive systems, and overall lifespan—is alarming.

In a recent publication, Health Canada introduced a toxicity testing strategy aimed at examining the risks posed by microplastic exposure. "Microplastics could cause toxicity in three distinct ways," explains Sabina Halappanavar, PhD, the lead researcher on the study. These particles might penetrate tissues, carry harmful chemicals, or act as carriers for disease-causing pathogens.

While Halappanavar cautions that our knowledge about average microplastic exposure is still minimal, there are growing concerns about their potential impact on human lung health and the gut microbiome.

Microplastics and Health Conditions

Dysbiosis, or imbalances in gut bacteria, has been linked to various health issues, including diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. Although many factors contribute to these diseases, the possibility that microplastics could exacerbate these conditions is increasingly being considered.

Regrettably, the situation is deteriorating. "Global plastic production and usage continue to rise," Geyer notes. This trend is evident not only in developing countries but also in the United States, which remains the largest contributor to global plastic waste. "It's a perfect storm of increasing affluence and the convenience of cheap plastic," he observes.

In 2018, Americans generated approximately 36 million tons of plastic waste, a nearly 13% increase since 2010, much of which comes from single-use packaging. Other significant contributors include inexpensive plastic toys and goods, which, while not technically single-use, are often not designed for longevity.

Rethinking Recycling

Recycling alone is not a complete solution. "Recycling can act as a sort of moral license," Geyer explains, allowing people to feel less compelled to reduce plastic usage. Although recycling can be better than landfilling plastic, it remains an inefficient and environmentally impactful option.

Geyer acknowledges the utility of plastic: "It’s an incredibly useful material, but it comes with a substantial environmental cost." Unless society can significantly reduce plastic consumption, this cost may soon become too great for both our health and the planet to bear.

This article is part of a new series titled "A Slightly Greener Thing," aimed at individuals seeking healthier lifestyle choices that also benefit the environment.