Chapter 1: The Essence of Stoic Psychology

In this chapter, we delve into the fundamental concepts of Stoic psychology and ethics as presented by Epictetus. His key assertion is that it is not the actions of others that offend us, but rather our interpretation of those actions. He states, “Remember, it is not the person who insults or attacks you that causes the offense, but your perception of their actions.”

To clarify, the Greek term for “reviling” (λοιδόρειν) refers to speaking abusively to someone, akin to calling someone a “jerk.” This encompasses various forms of mockery or unjust criticism. The term for “striking” (τυπτείν) simply means to hit someone. Additionally, the concept of an “insult” (ὑβρίζειν) carries a deeper meaning in Greek, denoting not just verbal insults but also acts of wanton injury.

This realization may seem surprising, especially when we feel insulted by strangers we encounter online or in the media. We might feel personally attacked by someone’s comments, even though they have no knowledge of us. This is particularly prevalent in our digital age, where social media amplifies every voice, creating an environment ripe for misunderstanding.

Section 1.1: The Impact of Modern Communication

In today's world, the internet plays a significant role in our interactions. We may find ourselves offended by opinions or statements made by people we have never met. For instance, discussions about social issues might lead us to take things personally, even if they are not directed at us.

For example, if someone discusses privilege in a public forum, a person might feel singled out, despite the speaker having no knowledge of their individual circumstances. Similarly, everyday frustrations, like being cut off in traffic, can trigger feelings of personal offense, even though the action may not be aimed at us.

Subsection 1.1.1: The Role of Judgment

Epictetus urges us to recognize that our feelings of insult stem from our judgments rather than the actions of others. If someone criticizes our work or teaching style, the impact of that comment hinges on our own perception. If we allow ourselves to believe that we are being insulted, we become vulnerable to feeling hurt. By refraining from such judgments, we can free ourselves from unnecessary emotional turmoil.

Chapter 2: Broader Stoic Insights

In this insightful video, Dr. Gregory Sadler provides a detailed commentary on Chapters 19-20 of Epictetus’ Enchiridion, discussing these themes of judgment and personal responsibility.

Epictetus emphasizes that we often misconstrue external events as personal affronts. He reminds us that our opinions and assumptions significantly influence our emotional responses. When we feel irritated, it is essential to recognize that it is our own judgments that are causing this discomfort.

In another informative video, Dr. Sadler explores how to approach reading Epictetus, focusing on the Enchiridion and Discourses. This resource is invaluable for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of Stoic philosophy.

By applying these Stoic principles, we can cultivate resilience against the judgments and actions of others, leading to a more peaceful and fulfilling life.

Gregory Sadler is the president of ReasonIO, a speaker, writer, and producer of highly popular YouTube videos on classic and contemporary philosophy. He is co-host of the radio show Wisdom for Life, and producer of the Sadler’s Lectures podcast. If you’d like to support his ongoing work, bringing philosophy to the broader public, he has a Patreon site where you can donate. You can also donate at Buy Me A Coffee.